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risus sardonicus
''Risus sardonicus'' or rictus grin is a highly characteristic, abnormal, sustained spasm of the facial muscles that appears to produce grinning.
The name of the condition, which has its roots in the Mediterranean island of Sardinia, derives from the appearance of raised eyebrows and an open "grin" - which can appear sardonic or malevolent to the lay observer - displayed by those suffering from these muscle spasms.
==Causes==
It is most often observed as a sign of tetanus.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Tetanus )〕 It can also be caused by poisoning with strychnine or Wilson's disease.
In 2009 scientists at the University of Eastern Piedmont in Italy claimed to have identified hemlock water dropwort (''Oenanthe crocata'') as the plant historically responsible for producing the sardonic grin.〔(News Scan Briefs: Killer Smile ), Scientific American, August 2009〕 This plant is the most likely candidate for the "sardonic herb," which was a neurotoxic plant used for the ritual killing of elderly people in pre-Roman Sardinia.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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